Where LLMs and Cosine Similarity Fit Into the Stack

Large Language Models (LLMs) sit at the top of this entire stack as enormous neural networks built from layers of tensor operations running on GPUs. At their core, LLMs are fundamentally prediction systems trained to model relationships between tokens, concepts, and patterns in language. Every word, sentence, or document is converted into high-dimensional numerical representations … Read more

AI Assistants Compared — Architecture vs Marketecture

Executive Summary The current wave of “AI comparison charts” (ChatGPT vs Gemini vs Claude vs others) are not wrong—but they are not reliable. They conflate: This article reframes the comparison using: The Core Problem Most comparisons: 👉 Example flaw:“Perplexity = best for research”→ In reality, it is a retrieval + UX layer over models, not a … Read more