Pangaea was a supercontinent where all Earth\u2019s continents were joined together about 300 million years ago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Over millions of years, Pangaea broke apart and the continents moved into their current positions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBreakup of Pangaea<\/h1>\n\n\n\n\n\nContents<\/p>\nToggle<\/span><\/path><\/svg><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\nLaurasia<\/a><\/li>Gondwana<\/a><\/li>Divergent Boundary<\/a><\/li>Convergent Boundary<\/a><\/li>Transform Boundary<\/a><\/li>Magma<\/a><\/li>Lava<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<\/span>Laurasia<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nNorthern supercontinent:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nNorth America<\/li>\n\n\n\nEurope<\/li>\n\n\n\nAsia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Gondwana<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nSouthern supercontinent:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAustralia<\/li>\n\n\n\nAntarctica<\/li>\n\n\n\nAfrica<\/li>\n\n\n\nSouth America<\/li>\n\n\n\nIndia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nAustralia was once connected to Antarctica as part of Gondwana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlfred Wegener<\/h1>\n\n\n\nWegener proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912.<\/p>\n\n\n\nHe suggested:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\ncontinents move slowly over time<\/li>\n\n\n\ncontinents were once joined together<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nScientists rejected the theory at first because Wegener could not explain how continents moved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEvidence for Continental Drift<\/h1>\n\n\n\nEvidence<\/th>Explanation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>Matching coastlines<\/td>Continents fit together like puzzle pieces<\/td><\/tr>Fossils<\/td>Same fossils found on separate continents<\/td><\/tr>Rocks & mountains<\/td>Similar geology across continents<\/td><\/tr>Climate evidence<\/td>Glacial evidence found in warm regions<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\nExamples of fossils:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMesosaurus<\/li>\n\n\n\nGlossopteris<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPlate Tectonics Theory<\/h1>\n\n\n\nModern theory explaining continental movement.<\/p>\n\n\n\nEarth\u2019s outer layer is broken into tectonic plates that move slowly over the mantle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStructure of Earth<\/h1>\n\n\n\nLayer<\/th>Description<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>Crust<\/td>Thin outer layer<\/td><\/tr>Mantle<\/td>Hot semi-solid rock<\/td><\/tr>Outer Core<\/td>Liquid iron and nickel<\/td><\/tr>Inner Core<\/td>Solid iron and nickel<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMantle Convection<\/h1>\n\n\n\nHeat from inside Earth causes convection currents in the mantle.<\/p>\n\n\n\nThese currents slowly move tectonic plates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\\text{Heat inside Earth causes mantle convection, which moves tectonic plates.}<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPlate Boundaries<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Divergent Boundary<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nPlates move apart.<\/p>\n\n\n\nResults:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nmid-ocean ridges<\/li>\n\n\n\nvolcanoes<\/li>\n\n\n\nnew crust formed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Convergent Boundary<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nPlates move together.<\/p>\n\n\n\nResults:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nmountains<\/li>\n\n\n\nvolcanoes<\/li>\n\n\n\nearthquakes<\/li>\n\n\n\nsubduction zones<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Transform Boundary<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nPlates slide past each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\nResults:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nearthquakes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEarthquakes<\/h1>\n\n\n\nEarthquakes occur when tectonic plates suddenly move along faults.<\/p>\n\n\n\nImportant terms:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nFocus (hypocentre): underground starting point<\/li>\n\n\n\nEpicentre: point on Earth\u2019s surface above the focus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nEarthquakes release seismic waves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVolcanoes<\/h1>\n\n\n\nVolcanoes form when magma rises through Earth\u2019s crust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Magma<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nMolten rock underground<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Lava<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nMolten rock on Earth\u2019s surface<\/p>\n\n\n\nVolcanoes commonly occur near plate boundaries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeafloor Spreading<\/h1>\n\n\n\nNew ocean crust forms at mid-ocean ridges.<\/p>\n\n\n\nOlder crust moves away from the ridge.<\/p>\n\n\n\nThis provided strong evidence for plate tectonics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNatural Hazards<\/h1>\n\n\n\nPlate movement can cause:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nearthquakes<\/li>\n\n\n\nvolcanoes<\/li>\n\n\n\ntsunamis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nScientists study tectonic activity to reduce risk and improve preparedness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGeological Time<\/h1>\n\n\n\nEarth is about 4.5 billion years old.<\/p>\n\n\n\nGeological changes happen slowly over millions of years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKey Terms<\/h1>\n\n\n\nTerm<\/th>Meaning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>Continental Drift<\/td>Continents moving over time<\/td><\/tr>Plate Tectonics<\/td>Theory explaining plate movement<\/td><\/tr>Pangaea<\/td>Ancient supercontinent<\/td><\/tr>Gondwana<\/td>Southern supercontinent<\/td><\/tr>Laurasia<\/td>Northern supercontinent<\/td><\/tr>Mantle Convection<\/td>Movement of hot mantle rock<\/td><\/tr>Subduction<\/td>One plate forced under another<\/td><\/tr>Epicentre<\/td>Surface point above earthquake focus<\/td><\/tr>Lithosphere<\/td>Rigid outer layer of Earth<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommon Exam Questions<\/h1>\n\n\n\n\nDescribe two pieces of evidence for continental drift.<\/li>\n\n\n\nWhy was Wegener\u2019s theory rejected?<\/li>\n\n\n\nExplain mantle convection.<\/li>\n\n\n\nCompare the three plate boundaries.<\/li>\n\n\n\nExplain how earthquakes occur.<\/li>\n\n\n\nDescribe how seafloor spreading supports plate tectonics.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nQuick Summary<\/h1>\n\n\n\n\\text{Pangaea split apart as tectonic plates slowly moved due to mantle convection inside Earth.}<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nContinents were once joined together<\/li>\n\n\n\nEvidence includes fossils, rocks, coastlines, and climate<\/li>\n\n\n\nTectonic plates move slowly over time<\/li>\n\n\n\nPlate movement causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains<\/li>\n\n\n\nPlate tectonics is the accepted modern theory<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Pangaea Pangaea was a supercontinent where all Earth\u2019s continents were joined together about 300 million years ago. Over millions of years, Pangaea broke apart and the continents moved into their current positions. Breakup of Pangaea Laurasia Northern supercontinent: Gondwana Southern supercontinent: Australia was once connected to Antarctica as part of Gondwana. Alfred Wegener Wegener proposed … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-496","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-study"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/496","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=496"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/496\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":498,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/496\/revisions\/498"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=496"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=496"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=496"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Contents<\/p>\nToggle<\/span><\/path><\/svg><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\nLaurasia<\/a><\/li>Gondwana<\/a><\/li>Divergent Boundary<\/a><\/li>Convergent Boundary<\/a><\/li>Transform Boundary<\/a><\/li>Magma<\/a><\/li>Lava<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<\/span>Laurasia<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nNorthern supercontinent:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nNorth America<\/li>\n\n\n\nEurope<\/li>\n\n\n\nAsia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Gondwana<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nSouthern supercontinent:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nAustralia<\/li>\n\n\n\nAntarctica<\/li>\n\n\n\nAfrica<\/li>\n\n\n\nSouth America<\/li>\n\n\n\nIndia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nAustralia was once connected to Antarctica as part of Gondwana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlfred Wegener<\/h1>\n\n\n\nWegener proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912.<\/p>\n\n\n\nHe suggested:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\ncontinents move slowly over time<\/li>\n\n\n\ncontinents were once joined together<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nScientists rejected the theory at first because Wegener could not explain how continents moved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEvidence for Continental Drift<\/h1>\n\n\n\nEvidence<\/th>Explanation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>Matching coastlines<\/td>Continents fit together like puzzle pieces<\/td><\/tr>Fossils<\/td>Same fossils found on separate continents<\/td><\/tr>Rocks & mountains<\/td>Similar geology across continents<\/td><\/tr>Climate evidence<\/td>Glacial evidence found in warm regions<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\nExamples of fossils:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMesosaurus<\/li>\n\n\n\nGlossopteris<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPlate Tectonics Theory<\/h1>\n\n\n\nModern theory explaining continental movement.<\/p>\n\n\n\nEarth\u2019s outer layer is broken into tectonic plates that move slowly over the mantle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStructure of Earth<\/h1>\n\n\n\nLayer<\/th>Description<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>Crust<\/td>Thin outer layer<\/td><\/tr>Mantle<\/td>Hot semi-solid rock<\/td><\/tr>Outer Core<\/td>Liquid iron and nickel<\/td><\/tr>Inner Core<\/td>Solid iron and nickel<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMantle Convection<\/h1>\n\n\n\nHeat from inside Earth causes convection currents in the mantle.<\/p>\n\n\n\nThese currents slowly move tectonic plates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\\text{Heat inside Earth causes mantle convection, which moves tectonic plates.}<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPlate Boundaries<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Divergent Boundary<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nPlates move apart.<\/p>\n\n\n\nResults:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nmid-ocean ridges<\/li>\n\n\n\nvolcanoes<\/li>\n\n\n\nnew crust formed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Convergent Boundary<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nPlates move together.<\/p>\n\n\n\nResults:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nmountains<\/li>\n\n\n\nvolcanoes<\/li>\n\n\n\nearthquakes<\/li>\n\n\n\nsubduction zones<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Transform Boundary<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nPlates slide past each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\nResults:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nearthquakes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEarthquakes<\/h1>\n\n\n\nEarthquakes occur when tectonic plates suddenly move along faults.<\/p>\n\n\n\nImportant terms:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nFocus (hypocentre): underground starting point<\/li>\n\n\n\nEpicentre: point on Earth\u2019s surface above the focus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nEarthquakes release seismic waves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVolcanoes<\/h1>\n\n\n\nVolcanoes form when magma rises through Earth\u2019s crust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Magma<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nMolten rock underground<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Lava<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nMolten rock on Earth\u2019s surface<\/p>\n\n\n\nVolcanoes commonly occur near plate boundaries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeafloor Spreading<\/h1>\n\n\n\nNew ocean crust forms at mid-ocean ridges.<\/p>\n\n\n\nOlder crust moves away from the ridge.<\/p>\n\n\n\nThis provided strong evidence for plate tectonics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNatural Hazards<\/h1>\n\n\n\nPlate movement can cause:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nearthquakes<\/li>\n\n\n\nvolcanoes<\/li>\n\n\n\ntsunamis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nScientists study tectonic activity to reduce risk and improve preparedness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGeological Time<\/h1>\n\n\n\nEarth is about 4.5 billion years old.<\/p>\n\n\n\nGeological changes happen slowly over millions of years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKey Terms<\/h1>\n\n\n\nTerm<\/th>Meaning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>Continental Drift<\/td>Continents moving over time<\/td><\/tr>Plate Tectonics<\/td>Theory explaining plate movement<\/td><\/tr>Pangaea<\/td>Ancient supercontinent<\/td><\/tr>Gondwana<\/td>Southern supercontinent<\/td><\/tr>Laurasia<\/td>Northern supercontinent<\/td><\/tr>Mantle Convection<\/td>Movement of hot mantle rock<\/td><\/tr>Subduction<\/td>One plate forced under another<\/td><\/tr>Epicentre<\/td>Surface point above earthquake focus<\/td><\/tr>Lithosphere<\/td>Rigid outer layer of Earth<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommon Exam Questions<\/h1>\n\n\n\n\nDescribe two pieces of evidence for continental drift.<\/li>\n\n\n\nWhy was Wegener\u2019s theory rejected?<\/li>\n\n\n\nExplain mantle convection.<\/li>\n\n\n\nCompare the three plate boundaries.<\/li>\n\n\n\nExplain how earthquakes occur.<\/li>\n\n\n\nDescribe how seafloor spreading supports plate tectonics.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nQuick Summary<\/h1>\n\n\n\n\\text{Pangaea split apart as tectonic plates slowly moved due to mantle convection inside Earth.}<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nContinents were once joined together<\/li>\n\n\n\nEvidence includes fossils, rocks, coastlines, and climate<\/li>\n\n\n\nTectonic plates move slowly over time<\/li>\n\n\n\nPlate movement causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains<\/li>\n\n\n\nPlate tectonics is the accepted modern theory<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Pangaea Pangaea was a supercontinent where all Earth\u2019s continents were joined together about 300 million years ago. Over millions of years, Pangaea broke apart and the continents moved into their current positions. Breakup of Pangaea Laurasia Northern supercontinent: Gondwana Southern supercontinent: Australia was once connected to Antarctica as part of Gondwana. Alfred Wegener Wegener proposed … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-496","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-study"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/496","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=496"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/496\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":498,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/496\/revisions\/498"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=496"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=496"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=496"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Northern supercontinent:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Southern supercontinent:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Australia was once connected to Antarctica as part of Gondwana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
He suggested:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Scientists rejected the theory at first because Wegener could not explain how continents moved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Examples of fossils:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Modern theory explaining continental movement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Earth\u2019s outer layer is broken into tectonic plates that move slowly over the mantle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Heat from inside Earth causes convection currents in the mantle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
These currents slowly move tectonic plates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\\text{Heat inside Earth causes mantle convection, which moves tectonic plates.}<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Plates move apart.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Results:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Plates move together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Plates slide past each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates suddenly move along faults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Important terms:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Earthquakes release seismic waves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVolcanoes<\/h1>\n\n\n\nVolcanoes form when magma rises through Earth\u2019s crust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Magma<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nMolten rock underground<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Lava<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nMolten rock on Earth\u2019s surface<\/p>\n\n\n\nVolcanoes commonly occur near plate boundaries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeafloor Spreading<\/h1>\n\n\n\nNew ocean crust forms at mid-ocean ridges.<\/p>\n\n\n\nOlder crust moves away from the ridge.<\/p>\n\n\n\nThis provided strong evidence for plate tectonics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNatural Hazards<\/h1>\n\n\n\nPlate movement can cause:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nearthquakes<\/li>\n\n\n\nvolcanoes<\/li>\n\n\n\ntsunamis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nScientists study tectonic activity to reduce risk and improve preparedness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGeological Time<\/h1>\n\n\n\nEarth is about 4.5 billion years old.<\/p>\n\n\n\nGeological changes happen slowly over millions of years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKey Terms<\/h1>\n\n\n\nTerm<\/th>Meaning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>Continental Drift<\/td>Continents moving over time<\/td><\/tr>Plate Tectonics<\/td>Theory explaining plate movement<\/td><\/tr>Pangaea<\/td>Ancient supercontinent<\/td><\/tr>Gondwana<\/td>Southern supercontinent<\/td><\/tr>Laurasia<\/td>Northern supercontinent<\/td><\/tr>Mantle Convection<\/td>Movement of hot mantle rock<\/td><\/tr>Subduction<\/td>One plate forced under another<\/td><\/tr>Epicentre<\/td>Surface point above earthquake focus<\/td><\/tr>Lithosphere<\/td>Rigid outer layer of Earth<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommon Exam Questions<\/h1>\n\n\n\n\nDescribe two pieces of evidence for continental drift.<\/li>\n\n\n\nWhy was Wegener\u2019s theory rejected?<\/li>\n\n\n\nExplain mantle convection.<\/li>\n\n\n\nCompare the three plate boundaries.<\/li>\n\n\n\nExplain how earthquakes occur.<\/li>\n\n\n\nDescribe how seafloor spreading supports plate tectonics.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nQuick Summary<\/h1>\n\n\n\n\\text{Pangaea split apart as tectonic plates slowly moved due to mantle convection inside Earth.}<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nContinents were once joined together<\/li>\n\n\n\nEvidence includes fossils, rocks, coastlines, and climate<\/li>\n\n\n\nTectonic plates move slowly over time<\/li>\n\n\n\nPlate movement causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains<\/li>\n\n\n\nPlate tectonics is the accepted modern theory<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Pangaea Pangaea was a supercontinent where all Earth\u2019s continents were joined together about 300 million years ago. Over millions of years, Pangaea broke apart and the continents moved into their current positions. Breakup of Pangaea Laurasia Northern supercontinent: Gondwana Southern supercontinent: Australia was once connected to Antarctica as part of Gondwana. Alfred Wegener Wegener proposed … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-496","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-study"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/496","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=496"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/496\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":498,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/496\/revisions\/498"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=496"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=496"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=496"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Volcanoes form when magma rises through Earth\u2019s crust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Molten rock underground<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Molten rock on Earth\u2019s surface<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Volcanoes commonly occur near plate boundaries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
New ocean crust forms at mid-ocean ridges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Older crust moves away from the ridge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
This provided strong evidence for plate tectonics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Plate movement can cause:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Scientists study tectonic activity to reduce risk and improve preparedness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Earth is about 4.5 billion years old.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Geological changes happen slowly over millions of years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\\text{Pangaea split apart as tectonic plates slowly moved due to mantle convection inside Earth.}<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pangaea Pangaea was a supercontinent where all Earth\u2019s continents were joined together about 300 million years ago. Over millions of years, Pangaea broke apart and the continents moved into their current positions. Breakup of Pangaea Laurasia Northern supercontinent: Gondwana Southern supercontinent: Australia was once connected to Antarctica as part of Gondwana. Alfred Wegener Wegener proposed … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-496","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-study"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/496","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=496"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/496\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":498,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/496\/revisions\/498"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=496"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=496"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=496"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}