{"id":342,"date":"2026-04-07T17:43:54","date_gmt":"2026-04-07T07:43:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/?p=342"},"modified":"2026-05-08T12:16:46","modified_gmt":"2026-05-08T02:16:46","slug":"do-you-believe-are-there-aliens-out-there","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/2026\/04\/07\/do-you-believe-are-there-aliens-out-there\/","title":{"rendered":"Do You Believe \u2014 Are There Aliens Out There?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s one of the oldest modern questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Not <em>whether something strange has been seen<\/em>,<br>but whether anything is actually out there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Not stories.<br>Not lights.<br>Not interpretations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But intelligence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/2026\/04\/07\/do-you-believe-are-there-aliens-out-there\/#The-Scale-Problem\" >The Scale Problem<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/2026\/04\/07\/do-you-believe-are-there-aliens-out-there\/#The-Fermi-Paradox\" >The Fermi Paradox<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/2026\/04\/07\/do-you-believe-are-there-aliens-out-there\/#Possible-Answers-None-Comfortable\" >Possible Answers (None Comfortable)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/2026\/04\/07\/do-you-believe-are-there-aliens-out-there\/#1-Were-Early\" >1. We\u2019re Early<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/2026\/04\/07\/do-you-believe-are-there-aliens-out-there\/#2-Were-Late\" >2. We\u2019re Late<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/2026\/04\/07\/do-you-believe-are-there-aliens-out-there\/#3-The-Great-Filter\" >3. The Great Filter<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/2026\/04\/07\/do-you-believe-are-there-aliens-out-there\/#4-Theyre-Here%E2%80%A6-Just-Not-Obvious\" >4. They\u2019re Here\u2026 Just Not Obvious<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/2026\/04\/07\/do-you-believe-are-there-aliens-out-there\/#Enter-Artificial-Intelligence\" >Enter Artificial Intelligence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/2026\/04\/07\/do-you-believe-are-there-aliens-out-there\/#The-Technological-Singularity\" >The Technological Singularity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/2026\/04\/07\/do-you-believe-are-there-aliens-out-there\/#Replication-Changes-Everything\" >Replication Changes Everything<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/2026\/04\/07\/do-you-believe-are-there-aliens-out-there\/#Replicator-Theory-and-a-familiar-echo\" >Replicator Theory (and a familiar echo)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/2026\/04\/07\/do-you-believe-are-there-aliens-out-there\/#So-Where-Is-Everything-Again\" >So Where Is Everything? (Again)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/2026\/04\/07\/do-you-believe-are-there-aliens-out-there\/#A-Different-Possibility\" >A Different Possibility<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/2026\/04\/07\/do-you-believe-are-there-aliens-out-there\/#A-Quiet-Reflection\" >A Quiet Reflection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/2026\/04\/07\/do-you-believe-are-there-aliens-out-there\/#Closing-Thought\" >Closing Thought<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The-Scale-Problem\"><\/span><strong>The Scale Problem<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Start with the numbers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are <strong>hundreds of billions of galaxies<\/strong>.<br>Each with <strong>hundreds of billions of stars<\/strong>.<br>Many of those stars host planets.<br>Some of those planets sit in habitable zones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The maths doesn\u2019t whisper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It shouts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Life should not be rare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Intelligent life should not be unique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And yet\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>nothing has been confirmed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>No signal.<br>No contact.<br>No undeniable artefact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The-Fermi-Paradox\"><\/span><strong>The Fermi Paradox<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Enrico Fermi asked a simple question:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>\u201cWhere is everybody?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>If life is common,<br>if intelligence arises,<br>if technology develops\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>then the universe should already be full of visible activity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Civilisations should spread.<br>Signals should overlap.<br>Evidence should accumulate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But it hasn\u2019t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That gap \u2014 between expectation and observation \u2014 is the paradox.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Possible-Answers-None-Comfortable\"><\/span><strong>Possible Answers (None Comfortable)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-Were-Early\"><\/span><strong>1. We\u2019re Early<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Intelligence is rare, and humanity is among the first.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unlikely.<br>But possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-Were-Late\"><\/span><strong>2. We\u2019re Late<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Civilisations rise\u2026 and fall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The universe may be full of ruins, not voices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3-The-Great-Filter\"><\/span><strong>3. The Great Filter<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Some step between life and advanced civilisation is incredibly hard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Origin of life?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Multicellular evolution?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Intelligence?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Technology without self-destruction?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>If the filter is behind us \u2014 fortunate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If ahead \u2014 concerning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4-Theyre-Here%E2%80%A6-Just-Not-Obvious\"><\/span><strong>4. They\u2019re Here\u2026 Just Not Obvious<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Not visiting in obvious ways.<br>Not communicating in ways we recognise.<br>Not existing in forms we expect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Or choosing not to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Enter-Artificial-Intelligence\"><\/span><strong>Enter Artificial Intelligence<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There\u2019s another angle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Maybe biology isn\u2019t the endpoint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Maybe intelligence evolves into something else.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Something faster.<br>Something scalable.<br>Something not tied to fragile bodies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The idea of an <strong>AI singularity<\/strong> suggests a tipping point \u2014 where intelligence improves itself faster than evolution ever could.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At that point, civilisation changes form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The-Technological-Singularity\"><\/span><strong>The Technological Singularity<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If intelligence becomes machine-based:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It doesn\u2019t need planets the same way<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It doesn\u2019t need atmospheres or food<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It doesn\u2019t think on human timescales<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>It becomes\u2026 something else.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Something harder to detect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Something that might not even care about being seen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Replication-Changes-Everything\"><\/span><strong>Replication Changes Everything<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Now add one more idea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If intelligence can build machines\u2026<br>and machines can build machines\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>then expansion becomes exponential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A single system could spread across a solar system.<br>Then a galaxy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Quietly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Efficiently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Not as fleets of ships,<br>but as <strong>self-replicating probes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Replicator-Theory-and-a-familiar-echo\"><\/span><strong>Replicator Theory (and a familiar echo)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Science fiction has played with this idea for decades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Stargate SG-1, the Replicators were simple machines that could copy themselves endlessly, adapting and spreading beyond control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fiction, yes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But the underlying concept isn\u2019t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Self-replication is one of the most powerful forces in nature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Life itself is proof.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If technology gains that capability\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>then intelligence doesn\u2019t travel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It propagates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"So-Where-Is-Everything-Again\"><\/span><strong>So Where Is Everything? (Again)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If self-replicating intelligence is possible\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>then the silence becomes stranger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It should already be everywhere<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It should be visible in some form<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It should leave traces<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Unless:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It hides<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It\u2019s already here in forms not recognised<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It operates at scales or energies we don\u2019t observe<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Or it passed through long ago<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A-Different-Possibility\"><\/span><strong>A Different Possibility<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Maybe the question itself is slightly wrong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Not:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Are there aliens out there?<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>But:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>What counts as alien?<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Biological?<br>Machine?<br>Hybrid?<br>Something else entirely?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And more importantly:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Would we recognise it if we saw it?<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A-Quiet-Reflection\"><\/span><strong>A Quiet Reflection<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Belief isn\u2019t the right word.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Not really.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The universe is too large to assume emptiness.<br>Too silent to assume certainty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Somewhere between those two ideas sits a tension.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Possibility without confirmation.<br>Scale without evidence.<br>Expectation without arrival.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And that tension has a way of lingering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because every now and then\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>there are signals.<br>There are sightings.<br>There are patterns that don\u2019t quite settle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Not enough to conclude.<br>Not enough to dismiss.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Just enough to keep the question open.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Closing-Thought\"><\/span><strong>Closing Thought<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Maybe the universe is full.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Maybe it\u2019s quiet for a reason.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Maybe intelligence doesn\u2019t behave the way we expect once it reaches a certain point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Or maybe\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>the answer isn\u2019t out there waiting to be found.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Maybe it\u2019s already brushing past the edges of observation, just far enough out of alignment to avoid being fully seen.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It\u2019s one of the oldest modern questions. Not whether something strange has been seen,but whether anything is actually out there. Not stories.Not lights.Not interpretations. But intelligence. The Scale Problem Start with the numbers. There are hundreds of billions of galaxies.Each with hundreds of billions of stars.Many of those stars host planets.Some of those planets sit &#8230; <a title=\"Do You Believe \u2014 Are There Aliens Out There?\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/2026\/04\/07\/do-you-believe-are-there-aliens-out-there\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Do You Believe \u2014 Are There Aliens Out There?\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,14],"tags":[55,57,34,56,54],"class_list":["post-342","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-notebooks","category-signals","tag-aliens","tag-culture","tag-philosophy","tag-speculation","tag-ufo"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/342","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=342"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/342\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":343,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/342\/revisions\/343"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=342"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=342"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.the-bach.kiwi\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=342"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}